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se； to the top ranges； while Elzevirs repose on a level with the eye。 It is well that each upper shelf should have a leather fringe to keep the dust away。
As to the shape of the bookcases； and the furniture； and ornaments of the library； every amateur will please himself。 Perhaps the satinwood or mahogany tabernacles of rare books are best made after the model of what furnituredealers indifferently call the 〃Queen Anne〃 or the 〃Chippendale〃 style。 There is a pleasant quaintness in the carved architectural ornaments of the top； and the inlaid flowers of marquetry go well with the pretty florid editions of the last century； the books that were illustrated by Stothard and Gravelot。 Ebony suits theological tomes very well； especially when they are bound in white vellum。 As to furniture； people who can afford it will imitate the arrangements of Lucullus； in Mr。 Hill Burton's charming volume 〃The Bookhunter〃 （Blackwood； Edinburgh； 1862）。〃Everything is of perfect finish；the mahoganyrailed gallery； the tiny ladders； the broad winged lecterns； with leathern cushions on the edges to keep the wood from grazing the rich bindings； the books themselves； each shelf uniform with its facings； or rather backings； like welldressed lines at a review。〃 The late Sir William StirlingMaxwell； a famous bibliophile； invented a very nice library chair。 It is most fortable to sit on； and； as the top of the back is broad and flat； it can be used as a ladder of two high steps； when one wants to reach a book on a lofty shelf。 A kind of square revolving bookcase； an American invention； manufactured by Messrs。 Trubner； is useful to the working man of letters。 Made in oak； stained green； it is not unsightly。 As to ornaments； every man to his taste。 You may have a 〃pallid bust of Pallas〃 above your classical collection； or fill the niches in a shrine of old French light literature； pastoral and edy； with delicate shepherdesses in Chelsea china。 On such matters a modest writer； like Mr。 Jingle when Mr。 Pickwick ordered dinner； 〃will not presume to dictate。〃
Next to damp； dust and dirt are the chief enemies of books。 At short intervals； books and shelves ought to be dusted by the amateur himself。 Even Dr。 Johnson； who was careless of his person； and of volumes lent to him； was careful about the cleanliness of his own books。 Boswell found him one day with big gloves on his hands beating the dust out of his library； as was his custom。 There is nothing so hideous as a dirty thumbmark on a white page。 These marks are monly made； not because the reader has unwashed hands； but because the dust which settles on the top edge of books falls in； and is smudged when they are opened。 Gilttop edges should be smoothed with a handkerchief； and a small brush should be kept for brushing the tops of books with rough edges； before they are opened。 But it were well that all books had the top edge gilt。 There is no better preservative against dust。 Dust not only dirties books； it seems to supply what Mr。 Spencer would call a fitting environment for bookworms。 The works of bookworms speak for themselves； and are manifest to all。 How many a rare and valuable volume is spoiled by neat round holes drilled through cover and leaves！ But as to the nature of your worm； authorities differ greatly。 The ancients knew this plague； of which Lucian speaks。 Mr。 Blades mentions a white bookworm； slain by the librarian of the Bodleian。 In Byzantium the black sort prevailed。 Evenus； the grammarian； wrote an epigram against the black bookworm （〃Anthol。 Pal。；〃 ix。 251）：
Pest of the Muses； devourer of pages； in crannies that lurkest； Fruits of the Muses to taint； labour of learning to spoil； Wherefore； oh blackfleshed worm！ wert thou born for the evil thou workest？ Wherefore thine own foul form shap'st thou with envious toil？
The learned Mentzelius says he hath heard the bookworm crow like a cock unto his mate； and 〃I knew not；〃 says he； 〃whether some local fowl was clamouring or whether there was but a beating in mine ears。 Even at that moment； all uncertain as I was； I perceived； in the paper whereon I was writing； a little insect that ceased not to carol like very chanticleer； until； taking a magnifying glass； I assiduously observed him。 He is about the bigness of a mite； and carries a grey crest； and the head low； bowed over the bosom； as to his crowing noise； it es of his clashing his wings against each other with an incessant din。〃 Thus far Mentzelius； and more to the same purpose； as may be read in the 〃Memoirs of famous Foreign Academies〃 （Dijon； 175559； 13 vol。 in quarto）。 But； in our times； the learned Mr。 Blades having a desire to exhibit bookworms in the body to the Caxtonians at the Caxton celebration； could find few men that had so much as seen a bookworm； much less heard him utter his native woodnotes wild。 Yet； in his 〃Enemies of Books；〃 he describes some rare encounters with the worm。 Dirty books； damp books； dusty books； and books that the owner never opens； are most exposed to the enemy； and 〃the worm； the proud worm； is the conqueror still；〃 as a didactic poet sings； in an ode on man's mortality。 As entzelius； it may not be amiss to give D'Alembert's theory of bookworms： 〃I believe；〃 he says； 〃that a little beetle lays her eggs in books in August； thence is hatched a mite； like the cheesemite； which devours books merely because it is pelled to gnaw its way out into the air。〃 Bookworms like the paste which binders employ； but D'Alembert adds that they cannot endure absinthe。 Mr。 Blades finds too that they disdain to devour our adulterate modern paper。
〃Say； shall I sing of rats；〃 asked Grainger； when reading to Johnson his epic； the 〃Sugarcane。〃 〃No；〃 said the Doctor； and though rats are the foe of the bibliophile； at least as much as of the sugar planter； we do not propose to sing of them。 M。 Fertiault has done so already in 〃Les Sons d'un Bibliophile；〃 where the reader must be pleased with the beautiful etchings of rats devouring an illuminated MS。； and battening on morocco bindings stamped with the bees of De Thou。 It is unnecessary and it would be undignified； to give hints on ratcatching； but the amateur must not fet that these animals have a passion for bindings。
The bookcollector must avoid gas； which deposits a filthy coat of oil that catches dust。 Mr。 Blades found that three jets of gas in a small room soon reduced the leather on his bookshelves to a powder of the consistency of snuff； and made the backs of books e away in his hand。 Shaded lamps give the best and most suitable light for the library。 As to the risks which books run at the hands of the owner himself； we surely need not repeat the advice of Richard de Bury。 Living in an age when tubs （if not unknown as M。 Michelet declares） were far from being mon； the old collector inveighed against the dirty hands of readers； and against their habit of marking their place in a book with filthy straws； or setting down a beer pot in the middle of the volume to keep the pages open。 But the amateur； however refined himself； must beware of men who love not fly leaves neither regard margins； but write notes over the latter； and light their pipes with the former。 After seeing the wreck of a book which these persons have been busy with； one appreciates the fine Greek hyperbole。 The Greeks did not speak of 〃thumbing〃 but of 〃walking up and down〃 on a volume （＇Greek text＇）。 To such fellows it matters not that they make a book dirty and greasy； cutting the pages with their fingers； and holding the boards over the fire till they crack。 All these slatternly practices； though they destroy a book as surely as the flames of Caesar's soldiers at Alexandria； seem fine manly acts to the grobians who use them。 What says Jules Janin； who has written 〃Contre l'indifference des Philistins；〃 〃il faut a l'homme sage et studieux un tome honorable et digne de sa louange。〃 The amateur； and all decent men； will beware of lending books to such rude workers； and this consideration brings us to these great foes of books； the borrowers and robbers。 The lending of books； and of other property； has been defended by some great authorities； thus Panurge himself says； 〃it would prove much more easy in nature to have fish entertained in the air； and bullocks fed in the bottom of the ocean； than to support or tolerate a rascally rabble of people that will not lend。〃 Pirckheimer； too； for whom Albert Durer designed a bookplate； was a lender； and took for his device Sibi et Amicis； and Jo。 Grolierii et amicorum； was the motto of the renowned Grolier； whom mistaken writers vainly but frequently report to have been a bookbinder。 But as Mr。 Leicester Warren says； in his 〃Study of Bookplates〃 （Pearson； 1880）； 〃Christian Charles de Savigny leaves all the rest behind； exclaiming non mihi sed aliis。〃 But the majority of amateurs have chosen wiser； though more churlish devices； as 〃the ungodly borroweth and payeth not again；〃 or 〃go to them that sell； and buy for yourselves。〃 David Garrick engraved on his bookplate； beside a bust of Shakspeare； these words of Menage； 〃La premiere chose qu'on doit faire； quand on a emprunte' un livre； c'est de le lire； afin de pouvoir le rendre plutot。〃 But the borrower is so minded t