ÓÑÇéÌáʾ£ºÈç¹û±¾ÍøÒ³´ò¿ªÌ«Âý»òÏÔʾ²»ÍêÕû£¬Çë³¢ÊÔÊó±êÓÒ¼ü¡°Ë¢Ð¡±±¾ÍøÒ³£¡ÔĶÁ¹ý³Ì·¢ÏÖÈκδíÎóÇë¸æËßÎÒÃÇ£¬Ð»Ð»£¡£¡ ±¨¸æ´íÎó
3CÊé¿â ·µ»Ø±¾ÊéĿ¼ ÎÒµÄÊé¼Ü ÎÒµÄÊéÇ© TXTÈ«±¾ÏÂÔØ ½øÈëÊé°É ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©

ÉáÎÒÆäË­:ºúÊÊ-µÚ57ÕÂ

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



£¬×ܹ²Ð´Á˾ŸöÔµÄʱ¼ä¡£Õâ±¾¡¶ÏÈÇØÃûѧʷ¡·£¨The¡¡Development¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Logic¡¡Method¡¡in¡¡Ancient¡¡China£©ÊǺúÊÊ»ãͨÖÐÎ÷¿¼Ö¤Ñ§µÄ½á¾§¡£ºúÊÊÔÚºá¶É̫ƽÑó»Ø¹úµÄÓÊÂÖÉÏËùдµÄ¡¶×ÔÐò¡·£¬¿ª×ÚÃ÷Ò壬¾Í˵ÓÉÓÚÕâÊÇÒ»¸öÀúÊ·µÄÑо¿£¬ËüËùÃæ¶ÔµÄµÚÒ»¸öÎÊÌâ¾ÍÊDzÄÁÏ¡£Ëû˵Î÷·½µÄ¶ÁÕßÎÞ·¨ÏëÏóËûÔÚдÕâƪÂÛÎĵÄʱºò£¬±ØÐëÏÈÍÆ·­ÄÇÓÐǧ¾ûÖ®ÖصĴ«Í³¡£Ê×ÏÈ£¬ËûµÄÔ­ÔòÊÇ£º²»¾­Ö¤Ã÷ΪÕ棬ÈκÎÊé»òÈκÎÕ¾䣬¶¼²»ÔÚ²ÉÓÃÖ®ÁС£Æä´Î£¬ÊÇУ¿±ºÍÚ¹Ê͵ÄÎÊÌâ¡£ÓÐÐÒµÄÊÇ£¬ËûÓÐÁ½°Ù¶àÄêÀ´Öйú¿¼Ö¤Ñ§¼ÒÔÚѵڬÉÏËùµÃµÄ³É¹û£¬¿ÉÒÔ×÷ΪËûµÄ½èÖú¡£ÖÁÓÚÚ¹ÊÍ£¬ËûÔòÐÒ¶øѧ¹ýÅ·ÖÞÕÜѧʷ¡£Ëû˵£º¡°Ö»ÓиúÎÒ±³¾°ÏàËƵÄÈË£¬ÕâÒ²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬Ö»ÓоßÓбȽÏÑо¿µÄ¾­Ñ飬ÀýÈ磬´ÓʱȽÏÓïÑÔѧÑо¿µÄÈË£¬²Å¿ÉÄÜÕæÕýÁ˽⣬Î÷·½ÕÜѧ¶ÔÎÒÔÚÚ¹Ê͹ŴúÖйúÕÜѧϵͳµÄÕâ¸ö¹¤×÷ÉÏ£¬Æä°ïÖúÓжà´ó¡£¡±£§36£§
£§1£§¡¶ºúÊÊÈÕ¼ÇÈ«¼¯¡·£¬1£º110¡£
£§2£§¡¶ºúÊÊÈÕ¼ÇÈ«¼¯¡·£¬1£º110¡£
£§3£§¡¡ÓàӢʱ£¬¡¶ÖØÑ°ºúÊÊÀú³Ì£ººúÊÊÉúƽÓë˼ÏëÔÙÈÏʶ¡·£¬Ò³56¡£
£§4£§¡¡Offcial¡¡Publications¡¡of¡¡Cornell¡¡University£»¡¡IV¡£3£¬Announcement¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Graduate¡¡Scholol£¬191314£¬p¡£5¡£
£§5£§¡°The¡¡Reminiscences¡¡of¡¡Dr¡£Hu¡¡Shih£¬¡±p¡£91¡£Çë×¢Ò⣺ÌƵ¸հѡ°ÕþÖÎÀíÂÛÊ·¡±ÎóÒëΪ¡°ÕþÖÎÀíÂÛ¡±¡£¼ûÆäÒ롶ºúÊÊ¿ÚÊö×Ô´«¡·£¬¡¶ºúÊÊÈ«¼¯¡·£¬18£º244¡£
£§6£§¡°The¡¡Reminiscences¡¡of¡¡Dr¡£Hu¡¡Shih£¬¡±pp¡£9697¡£
£§7£§¡°The¡¡Reminiscences¡¡of¡¡Dr¡£Hu¡¡Shih£¬¡±p¡£125¡£Çë×¢Ò⣺ÌƵ¸հѡ°ÕÜѧʷ¡±ÎóÒëΪ¡°ÀúÊ·ÕÜѧ¡±¡£¼ûÆäÒ롶ºúÊÊ¿ÚÊö×Ô´«¡·£¬¡¶ºúÊÊÈ«¼¯¡·£¬18£º286¡£
£§8£§¡°The¡¡Reminiscences¡¡of¡¡Dr¡£Hu¡¡Shih£¬¡±p¡£89¡£
£§9£§¡°The¡¡Reminiscences¡¡of¡¡Dr¡£Hu¡¡Shih£¬¡±pp¡£9193¡£
£§10£§¡¡ºúÊÊÒëÎÄ£ºµÀµÂµÄÔðÈβ¢²»ÊÇÍâÀ´µÄÃüÁֻÊDZØÐëÒªÔõÑù×ö²Å¿ÉÒÔÒý³ö±ðÈË¡ª¡ªÀýÈçËù°®µÄÈË¡ª¡ªµÄ×îºÃ²¿·Ö¡£
£§11£§¡¡ºúÊÊÒëÎÄ£ºÖ»ÓжԱðÈË·¢ÉúÐËȤ²Å¿Éʹ×Ô¼º³£ÊÇ»îÆÃÆõأ¬³£ÊÇÌÃÌÃÕýÕýµØ¡£
£§12£§¡¡ºúÊÊÒëÎÄ£ºÒªÉú»îÔÚÉî¿ÌµØÓ°Ïì±ðÈË£¡
£§13£§¡¡ºúÊÊÒëÎÄ£ºÒªÕâÑùÓ°Ïì±ðÈË£ºÒªÊ¹ËûÃDz»ÔٷƱ¡×Ô¼º¡£
£§14£§¡°The¡¡Reminiscences¡¡of¡¡Dr¡£Hu¡¡Shih£¬¡±p¡£94¡£
£§15£§¡¡John¡¡Dewey£¬¡°The¡¡Relationship¡¡of¡¡Thought¡¡and¡¡Its¡¡SubjectMatter£¬¡±The¡¡Middle¡¡Works£¬18991924£¬2¡£300¡£
£§16£§¡¡ºúÊÊ£¬¡¶ÈýÂÛÎÊÌâÓëÖ÷Òå¡·£¬¡¶ºúÊÊÈ«¼¯¡·£¬1£º352¡£
£§17£§¡¡Hu¡¡to¡¡Edith¡¡Williams£»¡¡December¡¡2£¬1915£¬¡¶ºúÊÊÈ«¼¯¡·£¬1£º139¡£
£§18£§¡°The¡¡Reminiscences¡¡of¡¡Dr¡£Hu¡¡Shih£¬¡±p¡£85¡£
£§19£§¡¶ºúÊÊÈÕ¼ÇÈ«¼¯¡·£¬1£º263¡£
£§20£§¡¡ÓàӢʱ£¬¡¶ÖØÑ°ºúÊÊÀú³Ì£ººúÊÊÉúƽÓë˼ÏëÔÙÈÏʶ¡·£¬Ò³195¡£
£§21£§¡¶ºúÊÊÈÕ¼ÇÈ«¼¯¡·£¬1£º465466¡£
£§22£§¡¶ºúÊÊÈÕ¼ÇÈ«¼¯¡·£¬2£º6¡£
£§23£§¡¡ºúÊÊ£¬¡°Confict¡¡of¡¡Cultures£¬¡±¡¶ºúÊÊÈ«¼¯¡·£¬36£º480481¡£
£§24£§¡¡John¡¡Dewey£¬¡°How¡¡We¡¡Think£ºConcrete¡¡and¡¡Abstract¡¡Thinking£¬¡±The¡¡Middle¡¡Works£¬18991924£¬6¡£290¡£
£§25£§¡¶ºúÊÊÈÕ¼ÇÈ«¼¯¡·£¬2£º102103¡£
£§26£§¡¡Çë×¢Òâ±ÊÕߵĿ´·¨ÓëSorhoon¡¡Tan£¨³ÂËØ·Ò£©²»Í¬£¬ËýÈÏΪÕâÊǺúÊʽÓÊÜʵÑéÖ÷ÒåµÄ×îÔçÖ¤¾Ý¡£Çë²ÎÔÄSorhoon¡¡Tan£¬¡°China¡¯s¡¡Pragmatist¡¡Experiment¡¡in¡¡Democracy£ºHu¡¡Shih¡¯s¡¡Pragmatism¡¡and¡¡Dewey¡¯s¡¡Infuence¡¡in¡¡China£¬¡±Metaphilosophy£¬35¡£1/2£¨January¡¡2004£©£¬p¡£46¡£
£§27£§¡°The¡¡Reminiscences¡¡of¡¡Dr¡£Hu¡¡Shih£¬¡±pp¡£125126¡£
£§28£§¡¶ºúÊÊÈÕ¼ÇÈ«¼¯¡·£¬2£º447¡£
£§29£§¡¶ºúÊÊÈÕ¼ÇÈ«¼¯¡·£¬2£º290¡£
£§30£§¡¶ºúÊÊÈÕ¼ÇÈ«¼¯¡·£¬2£º448¡£
£§31£§¡¡ºúÊÊ£¬¡¶¶ûÈêƪ¡·£¬¡¶ºúÊÊÈ«¼¯¡·£¬1£º233237£»¡¶ÎáÎÒƪ¡·£¬¡¶ºúÊÊÈ«¼¯¡·£¬1£º238243¡£
£§32£§¡¶ºúÊÊÈÕ¼ÇÈ«¼¯¡·£¬2£º344345¡£
£§33£§¡¶ºúÊÊÈÕ¼ÇÈ«¼¯¡·£¬2£º447¡£
£§34£§¡°The¡¡Reminiscences¡¡of¡¡Dr¡£Hu¡¡Shih£¬¡±pp¡£121122¡£
£§35£§¡¡ºúÊÊ£¬¡¶Öî×Ó²»³öÍõ¹ÙÂÛ¡·£¬¡¶ºúÊÊÈ«¼¯¡·£¬1£º244251¡£
£§36£§¡¡ºúÊÊ£¬¡°The¡¡Development¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Logic¡¡Method¡¡in¡¡Ancient¡¡China£¬¡±¡¶ºúÊÊÈ«¼¯¡·£¬35£º298300¡£
¡¶ÏÈÇØÃûѧʷ¡·ÓëʵÑéÖ÷Òå
ÓàӢʱ˵ºúÊÊ˼ÏëÖÐÓÐÒ»Öַdz£Ã÷ÏԵĻ¯Ô¼ÂÛµÄÇãÏò£¬Ëû˵ºúÊʲ»µ«°ÑÒ»ÇÐѧÊõ˼ÏëÒÔÖÁÕû¸öÎÄ»¯¶¼»¯Ô¼Îª·½·¨£¬¶øÇÒÒ²°Ñ¶ÅÍþµÄʵÑéÖ÷Ò廯ԼΪ·½·¨¡£Õâ¸ö˵·¨µÄÎÊÌ⣬ÔÚÓÚËüÒѾ­Ïȼٶ¨ºúÊʵķ½·¨ÂÛȷʵÊÇÀ´×Ô¶ÅÍþµÄ£¬Ö»²»¹ýºúÊÊ°ÑËü»¯Ô¼°ÕÁË¡£ËäÈ»ÓàӢʱҲǿµ÷ºúÊʵÄ˼ÏëÓжàÖصÄÀ´Ô´£¬È»¶øËûÈÔÈ»ÈÏΪ¡°ºúÊʶԶÅÍþµÄʵÑéÖ÷ÒåÖ»Çó°ÑÎÕËüµÄ»ù±¾¾«Éñ¡¢Ì¬¶ÈºÍ·½·¨£¬¶ø²»Ä«ÊØÆäÖ¦½Ú¡±¡££§1£§ÓàӢʱ»á×÷³öÕâÑùµÄ½áÂÛ£¬ÊÇËû±»ºúÊÊÇ£Õß±Ç×Ó×ߵĽá¹û¡£Ëû˵ºúÊÊÔÚ1936ÄêΪ¡¶ÁôѧÈռǡ·Ð´µÄ¡¶×ÔÐò¡·ÖУ¬¶Ô×Ô¼ºµÄ˼Ïë¡°ÓÐÃ÷°×µÄ½»´ú¡±£ººúÊÊÔÚ1915ÄêµÄÊî¼Ù¡°·¢·ß¾¡¶Á¶ÅÍþÏÈÉúµÄÖø×÷¡±ÒÔºó˵£º¡°ÊµÑéÖ÷Òå³ÉÁËÎÒµÄÉú»îºÍ˼ÏëµÄÒ»¸öÏòµ¼¡­¡­ÎÒд¡¶ÏÈÇØÃûѧʷ¡·¡¢¡¶ÖйúÕÜѧʷ¡·£¬¶¼ÊÇÊÜÄÇÒ»ÅÉ˼ÏëµÄÖ¸µ¼¡£¡±£§2£§ÎÒÃDz»ÄÜÍü¼Ç£¬ÕâÊÇÒ»¸ö¾Ù¹ú³Æ֮Ϊ¶ÅÍþʵÑéÖ÷ÒåµÄÐÅͽ£¬ÔÚ¶þÊ®ÄêÒÔºóÈ¥×÷»Ø¹Ë¡¢Öؽ¨×Ô¼ºË¼Ïë³É³¤¹ì¼£Ê±¶Ô¶ÁÕßËù˵µÄ»°£¬³ýÁËÈ˵ļÇÒäÓÐÑ¡ÔñÐÔµÄÌØÖÊ£¬Ëû»¹ÓÐËûÔÚѧÅÉ¡¢Ê¦³Ð¡¢ÍþÐÅ£¨credibility£©µÈµÈ·½ÃæµÄ¿¼ÂÇ¡£
ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬¾ÍÏñÎÒÔÚÉϽÚËù˵µÄ£¬ºúÊʵġ¶ÏÈÇØÃûѧʷ¡·ÊÇËû»ãͨÖÐÎ÷¿¼Ö¤Ñ§µÄ½á¾§¡£Ëûд¡¶ÏÈÇØÃûѧʷ¡·ÊÇ·ñÕæÈçËûËù˵µÄ£¬ÊÇÊÜʵÑéÖ÷ÒåµÄÖ¸µ¼£¿ÎÒµÄÅжÏÊÇ·ñ¶¨µÄ¡£Ê×ÏÈ£¬ÈÃÎÒÃÇÌÖÂÛºúÊÊд¡¶ÏÈÇØÃûѧʷ¡·µÄÁé¸ÐÀ´Ô´¡£ÔÚÉϽڵÄÌÖÂÛÀÎÒÒýÁË¡¶¿ÚÊö×Ô´«¡·ÀïµÄ»°£¬ºúÊÊ˵¶ÅÍþÔÚ¸ç´óËù¿ªµÄ¡°Âß¼­ÀíÂÛÖîÅÉ¡±ÄÇÃſΣ¬°ïËû¾ö¶¨Á˲©Ê¿ÂÛÎĵÄÖ÷Ö¼£¬Ò༴£¬ÏÈÇØÃûѧʷ¡£¾ÍÑϸñµÄ×ÖÒåµÄ½Ç¶ÈÀ´Ëµ£¬ÕâÒ²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬´Ó¡°ÏÈÇØÃûѧʷ¡±Õâ¸öÖ÷Ö¼µÄ½Ç¶ÈÀ´Ëµ£¬Õâ¾ä»°ÊÇÕýÈ·µÄ¡£È»¶ø£¬Èç¹ûÎÒÃÇ´Ó¹ãÒåµÄ½Ç¶ÈÀ´Ëµ£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇ´Ó¡°ÏÈÇØÕÜѧʷ¡±µÄ½Ç¶ÈÀ´Ëµ£¬Õâ¾ä»°ÊÇŤÇúÊÂʵµÄ¡£ºúÊÊÔÚ¿µÄ˶û´óѧÄîÕÜѧÑо¿ËùµÄʱºò£¬Ëû¼Æ»®Ð´µÄÂÛÎÄÌâÄ¿¾ÍÊÇ¡°ÏÈÇØÕÜѧʷ¡±¡£
ÎÒÃÇÔÚÉÏÎÄÌáÆðΤÁ«Ë¾×ªÊöµÒÀí½ÌÊڵĻØÒ䣬µÒÀí˵ºúÊÊ»¹ÔÚ¿µÄ˶ûÄîÊéµÄʱºò£¬Ëû¶ÔºúÊÊ˵£º¡°Èç¹ûÄãÑ¡ÔñÁËÕÜѧ£¬ÎªÊ²Ã´²»È¥¿ª·¢ÄǼ¸ºõ»¹Ã»ÓÐÈËÈ¥Åö¹ýµÄÖйúÕÜѧÄØ£¿¡±ºúÊʵ±Ê±È·ÊµÌýÁ˵ÒÀíµÄ½¨Òé¡£ÎÒÃÇÖ®ËùÒÔÄÜÖªµÀºúÊʵ±Ê±È·ÊµÊǾö¶¨ÒÔÖйúÕÜѧ×÷ΪÂÛÎÄÌâÄ¿£¬»¹µÃ¸ÐлΤÁ«Ë¾±£´æÁ˺úÊÊд¸øËýµÄÐÅ¡£ºúÊÊÔÚ1915Äê3ÔÂ14ÈÕ¸øΤÁ«Ë¾µÄÐÅÀï˵£º¡°ÎÒÉÏÐÇÆÚ×÷ÁËÒ»¸öºÜÖØÒªµÄ¾ö¶¨¡£ÎÒ¸æËß¹ýŠ…ÎÒ²©Ê¿ÂÛÎÄҪдµÄÊÇijһ¸ö½×¶ÎµÄÖйúÕÜѧ¡£×î½üÎÒµÃÁËÒ»¸ö½áÂÛ£¬ÄÇÊÇÒ»¸öÓÞ´ÀµÄÏë·¨¡£¡±Ëû˵ËûÒѾ­¾ö¶¨¸Ä×÷µÄÌâÄ¿ÊÇ£º¡°¹ú¼ÊÂ×ÀíÔ­ÔòµÄÑо¿¡±£¨A¡¡Study¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Principles¡¡of¡¡International¡¡Ethics£©¡£Ëû¸æËßΤÁ«Ë¾£¬Ö®ËùÒÔ×÷ÕâÑùµÄ¾ö¶¨£¬ÊÇÒòΪËûÌåÈϵ½Èç¹ûÒÔÖйúÕÜѧ×÷ΪÌâÄ¿£¬Ëû²»µ«²»»áÓÐÀÏʦÄÜÖ¸µ¼Ëû£¬¶øÇÒÃÀ¹úͼÊé¹ÝµÄͼÊéÒ²²»¹»Ó᣷´Ö®£¬Èç¹û¸Ä×÷¹ú¼ÊÂ×ÀíµÄÌâÄ¿£¬Ëû¾Í»áÓÐÒ»¾ÙÈýµÃµÄºÃ´¦£ºÊ±´úµÄÐèÒª¡¢×Ô¼ºµÄÐËȤ¡¢µÃÒÔ³ä·ÖÀûÓÃͼÊé¹ÝÒÔ¼°ÕÜѧϵÀÏʦµÄ×ÊÔ´¡££§3£§ÎÒÃÇÖªµÀÕâ¸ö½×¶ÎºúÊÊÕý´¦ÔÚËûºÍƽ¡¢²»ÕùÖ÷ÒåµÄáÛ·å¡££§4£§¿µµÂÕÜѧҲÕýÊÇ¿µÄ˶ûÕÜѧϵÀÏʦ֮Ëù³¤¡£Õâ·âÐŵÄÈÕÆÚÖµµÃ×¢Ò⣬3ÔÂ14ÈÕ£¬ÊǺúÊÊ¡°·¢·ß¾¡¶Á¶ÅÍþÏÈÉúµÄÖø×÷¡±Ö®Ç°µÄ¼¸¸öÔ¡£
È»¶ø£¬µÈµ½ÄÇÄê³õÏÄ£¬Ëû×¼±¸×ªÑ§À뿪¿µÄ˶ûµÄʱºò£¬Ëû²»µ«»Øµ½ÁËÔ­ÏÈËùÄâµÄÌâÄ¿£¬¶øÇÒ¸üÃ÷È·µØ½ç¶¨ÎªÏÈÇØÖî×Ó¡£ºúÊÊΪʲôѡ¸çÂ×±ÈÑÇ£¿Ëû7ÔÂ14ÈÕд¸øΤÁ«Ë¾µÄÐÅÌṩÁË×îÖØÒªµÄÏßË÷£º
ÎÒ¾ö¶¨Ã÷ÄêÀ뿪ì½É«¼Ñ¡£¸çÂ×±ÈÑÇÎÒÒѾ­¿¼ÂÇÁ˺ܾÃÁË¡£ÎÒÈ¥ÐÅÒªÇó¸çÂ×±ÈÑÇͼÊé¹Ý¸øÎÒÒ»¸öÓйØÖйúÕÜѧ²ØÊéµÄ¸ÅÒª£¬ËûÃÇ»ØÁËÐÅ¡£ÎÒÒ²¸úÖ¥¼Ó¸ç´óѧͨÁËÐÅ¡£Ä¿Ç°¿´À´£¬¸çÂ×±ÈÑÇ»áÊÇÒ»¸ö±È½ÏºÃµÄÑ¡Ôñ¡£ÎÒÏÖÔÚÖ»ÔÚµÈ×îºóµÄОͿÉÒÔ×÷È¥¸ç´óµÄ×îºó¾ö¶¨¡£Ñ§Ð£¼ÈÒѾö¶¨£¬ÎÒÂÛÎĵÄÌâÄ¿Ò²ÒѾ­Ñ¡ºÃ£º¡°ÏÈÇØÖî×Ó¡±¡£µ±È»£¬Õ⻹ÊÇ¿ÉÒԸıäµÄ¡££§5£§
ÎÒÃÇÔÚÉÏÎÄÌáµ½ºúÊÊ7ÔÂ5ÈÕµÄÒ»ÔòÈռǣ¬ËµËû¡°ÆÄ˼Éá´ËËûÊÊ¡±¡£ÏÖÔÚÕæÏàÖÕÓÚË®Âäʯ³öÁË£»Æäʵ£¬¡°¸çÂ×±ÈÑÇÎÒÒѾ­¿¼ÂÇÁ˺ܾÃÁË¡±¡£Ëû¸øΤÁ«Ë¾Õâ·âÐŵı¦¹óÖ®´¦£¬ÔÚÓÚËü¸æËßÎÒÃǸçÂ×±ÈÑÇ´óѧ²»ÊÇËûΨһÉêÇëµÄѧУ¡£ºúÊÊÔÚÈÕ¼ÇÀï»áÒþ£¬µ«Ëû²»»áÚ¿¡£ËûÔÚ¡¶ÁôѧÈռǡ·ÀïÌáµ½ÁËÖ¥¼Ó¸ç´óѧ£¬µ«´ÓÀ´Ã»ËµËûÉêÇëÁË¡£ÏÖÔÚ£¬ÎÒÃÇÖªµÀËûȷʵÉêÇëÁË£¬¶øÇÒÊÇ×÷Ϊ¿¼ÂǵĶÔÏó¡£Ö¥¼Ó¸çÓë¸çÂ×±ÈÑÇÏà±È£¬Ëû¶ÔΤÁ«Ë¾Ëµ£º¡°¸çÂ×±ÈÑÇ»áÊÇÒ»¸ö±È½ÏºÃµÄÑ¡Ôñ¡£¡±Õâ¾ä»°Êǹؼü¡£ËûÑ¡Ôñ¸çÂ×±ÈÑÇÊÇÓÐÆäѧÀíµÄ¿¼Âǵģ¬µ«Õâ¸ö¿¼ÂDz»ÊǶÅÍþ£¬Ò²²»ÊÇʵÑéÖ÷Ò壬¶øÊÇËüººÑ§µÄ²ØÊé¡£ºÁÎÞÒÉÎʵأ¬Ëû¼ÈÈ»¾ö¶¨ÒªÐ´ÏÈÇØÕÜѧ£¬Í¼Êé¹ÝµÄººÑ§²ØÊ鵱ȻÊÇÒ»¸öÖØÒªµÄ¿¼ÂÇÒòËØ¡£È»¶ø£¬ÖصãÊÇ£¬ËûÔÚÕÜѧ˼ÏëÉϵļá³Ö²¢Ã»Óе½ËÀÐÄËúµØ·Çȥʦ´Ó¶ÅÍþ²»¿ÉµÄµØ²½¡£
ÎÞÂÛÈçºÎ£¬ÕÜѧʷÊǺúÊÊÔÚ¿µÄ˶ûÉÏ¿ËÀ׵ǵĿεÄʱºò¾ÍÒѾ­²úÉúµÄÐËȤ¡£ÏÖÔÚ£¬Ëû°Ñ¶©ºÃµÄ²©Ê¿ÂÛÎÄÌâÄ¿´øµ½Á˸çÂ×±ÈÑÇ´óѧ¡£µ±È»£¬Ëû˵¶ÅÍþµÄ¡°Âß¼­ÀíÂÛÖîÅÉ¡±£¬°ïËû¾ö¶¨ÁËÂÛÎĵÄÖ÷Ìâ¡£Õâ¾ä»°Ò²²»ËãÌ«ÀëÆס£ËäÈ»ËûÔÚ¿µÄ˶û´óѧµÄʱºò£¬¾ÍÒѾ­¾ö¶¨ÁËÂÛÎĵĴóÌâÓ뷶Χ£¬¶ÅÍþµÄ¿ÎÔò°ïËû¾ö¶¨ÁËÂÛÎĵÄÌâÖ¼¡£ËûÔÚ1915Äê10ÔÂËùдµÄһƪÎÄÕ£¬¡¶ÓÃÀúÊ·Ñо¿·¨À´×«Ð´¹Å´úÖйúÕÜѧʷ¡·£¬²»¹ÜÕâÊÇһƪѧÆÚ±¨¸æ£¬»¹ÊDz©Ê¿ÂÛÎļƻ®µÄÌá°¸Ê飬Ëû×îºóÓÃÀ´¹é½áËûËùνµÄ¡°ÀúÊ·Ñо¿·¨¡±µÄÀý×Ó£¬¾ÍÊÇÄ«×ÓµÄÂß¼­¡££§6£§
ºúÊÊÔÚÁôÃÀÆÚ¼äÒ»Ö±¶ÔÄ«×ÓÓÐÐËȤ£¬µ«Ò»Ïò²»ÔÚÄ«×ÓµÄÂß¼­£¬¶øÊÇÔÚËû¡°¼æ°®¡±Óë¡°·Ç¹¥¡±µÄ˼Ïë¡£Õâµã£¬ÓÖ¸úËûµ±Ê±ËùÐÅ·îµÄºÍƽ¡¢²»ÕùÖ÷ÒåÓйء£Ëûµ½1915Äê12ÔÂΪֹ£¬Ò»¹²Èý´ÎÓÃרÎÄÌÖÂÛÁËÄ«×ÓµÄ˼Ïë¡££§7£§µÚÒ»´ÎÊÇ1912ÄꣻµÚ¶þ´ÎÊÇÔÚ1914Äê11ÔÂÏÂÑ®¡£Õâ´ÎµÄÌâÄ¿£¬ÎÒÃÇÖªµÀ£¬ÊÇ¡¶Ä«×ÓµÄÕÜѧ¡·£¬ÕâÊǺúÊÊÔÚ¿µÄ˶ûµÄ¡°ÕÜѧ¾ãÀÖ²¿¡±×÷µÄÒ»¸ö±¨¸æ¡££§8£§µÚÈý´ÎÊÇÔÚ1915Äê12ÔÂ21ÈÕ£¬ÌâÄ¿Ò²ÊÇ¡¶Ä«×ÓµÄÕÜѧ¡·£¬ÕâºÜ¿ÉÄܾÍÊÇËû·¢±íÔÚ1916Äê4Ôºŵġ¶ÖйúÁôÃÀѧÉúÔ±¨¡·ÉϵÄÎÄÕ£¬ÌâÄ¿ÊÇ¡¶Ò»¸öÖйúÕÜѧ¼ÒµÄÕ½Õù¹Û£ºÄ«µÔÂ×Àí¡¢×ڽ̹ÛdzÊÍ¡·¡£¹ËÃû˼Ò壬ºúÊÊÔÚÕâƪÎÄÕÂÀïÌÖÂ۵Ļ¹ÊÇÄ«×Ó¡°¼æ°®¡±Óë¡°·Ç¹¥¡±µÄ˼Ï롣Ψһ²»Í¬µÄÊÇ£¬ÓÉÓÚ¶ÅÍþµÄÓ°Ï죬ËûÔÚÕâƪÎÄÕÂÀÌرðÌáµ½ÁËÄ«×ÓµÄÂß¼­Ë¼Ï룬µ«Ëû±íʾ±ØÐë¸î°®£¬ÒòΪÕâ¸öÂÛÌâ¡°³¬ºõÁËͨË×½²Ñݵķ¶Î§¡±¡££§9£§
ºúÊʵIJ©Ê¿ÂÛÎÄ¡¶ÏÈÇØÃûѧʷ¡·ÔÚ1922ÄêÓÉÉϺ£µÄÑǶ«Í¼Ê鹫˾³ö°æ¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬ËûÓÃÖÐÎĸÄд¡¢À©³ä°æµÄ¡¶ÖйúÕÜѧʷ´ó¸Ù¡·£¨ÉÏ¾í£©ÔòÔçÔÚ1919Äê2Ô¾ͳö°æÁË¡£²ÌÔªÅàÔÚËûΪºúÊÊдµÄ¡¶Ðò¡·À³ÆÔÞÕâ±¾ÊéÊÇÇ°ÎÞ¹ÅÈËÖ®×÷£¬ÓÐËÄ´ó¡°Ìس¤¡±£ºÖ¤Ã÷µÄ·½·¨¡¢¶óÒªµÄÊֶΡ¢Æ½µÈµÄÑ۹⡢ϵͳµÄÑо¿¡££§10£§ºúÊÊÔÚ1927ÄêµÄÒ»·âÐÅÀҲºÜ´ó·½µØ¶Ô×Ô¼ºÕâ±¾Öø×÷¿ªÉ½µì»ùµÄ¹±Ï××÷Á˿϶¨£º¡°ÎÒ×ÔÐÅ£¬ÖйúÖÎÕÜѧʷ£¬ÎÒÊÇ¿ªÉ½µÄÈË£¬ÕâÒ»¼þÊÂÒªËãÊÇÖйúÒ»¼þ´óÐÒÊ¡£ÕâÒ»²¿ÊéµÄ¹¦ÓÃÄÜʹÖйúÕÜѧʷ±äÉ«¡£ÒÔºóÎÞÂÛ¹úÄÚ¹úÍâÑо¿ÕâÒ»ÃÅѧÎʵÄÈ˶¼¶ã²»ÁËÕâÒ»²¿ÊéµÄÓ°Ïì¡£·²²»ÄÜÓÃÕâÖÖ·½·¨ºÍ̬¶ÈµÄ£¬ÎÒ¿ÉÒÔ¶ÏÑÔ£¬ÐÝÏëÕ¾µÃס¡£¡±£§11£§ÓàӢʱÔÚ1980Äê´ú³õ£¬½èÓÿÆѧÕÜѧ¼Ò¿×¶÷£¨Thomas¡¡Kuhn£©µÄ¡°µä·¶¡±£¨paradigm£©µÄ¸ÅÄÀ´ÐÎÈݺúÊÊÕâ±¾Öø×÷ÔÚ½ü´úÖйúѧÊõÊ·Éϵġ°µä·¶¡±×÷Óᣣ§12£§
Óᰵ䷶¡±À´ÐÎÈݺúÊʵġ¶ÏÈÇØÃûѧʷ¡·»ò¡¶ÖйúÕÜѧʷ´ó¸Ù¡·£¨ÉÏ¾í£©ÊÇÔÙÌùÇÐÒ²²»¹ýµÄÁË¡£Èç¹ûÒ»¸öÊÀ¼ÍÒÔºóµÄÎÒÃÇÄܹ»ÓÃÅúÅеÄÑÛ¹âÀ´¿´ºúÊʵIJ©Ê¿ÂÛÎÄ£¬ÄÇÒ²Êǵ䷶תÒƵķ´Ó³¡£Î¨Ò»¾ªÈ˵ÄÊÇ£¬Ò»¸öÊÀ¼ÍÒÔÀ´£¬Ã»ÓÐÈËÈ¥¼ìÖ¤ºúÊÊ˵¡°ÎÒд¡¶ÏÈÇØÃûѧʷ¡·¡¢¡¶ÖйúÕÜѧʷ¡·£¬¶¼ÊÇÊÜ£§ÊµÑéÖ÷Ò壧ÄÇÒ»ÅÉ˼ÏëµÄÖ¸µ¼¡±ÄǾ仰¡£ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬ÁôѧʱÆڵĺúÊÊ£¬ÔÚÕÜѧÉϸù±¾¾ÍÊÇÒ»¸öµ÷ºÍ¡¢ôÛÔÓÖ÷ÒåÕß¡£µ±È»£¬ÎÒÃÇÒ²¿ÉÒÔÈ϶¨ºúÊʸù±¾²»×ÔÖª£¬»òÕߣ¬¸ü´óµ¨µØ˵£¬Ëûµ±Ê±»¹²»ÊÇÒ»¸öʵÑéÖ÷ÒåÕß¡£ÎÞÂÛÈçºÎ£¬ÓÉÓÚ¡¶ÏÈÇØÃûѧʷ¡·ÊǺúÊÊÔÚ¶ÅÍþ¾ßÃûÖ¸µ¼ÏµIJ©Ê¿ÂÛÎÄ£¬Ëû»¹²»¸ÒÌ«¹ýÔì´Î£¬²»¸ÒÌ«¹ýÃ÷Ä¿Õŵ¨µØÈ¥µ÷ºÍ¡¢ôÛÔÓ²»Í¬µÄÕÜѧ¹Ûµã¡£ËûµÄ¡¶ÖйúÕÜѧʷ´ó¸Ù¡·Ôò²»È»¡£ËûÔÚ1922Äê³ö°æµÄ¡¶ÏÈÇØÃûѧʷ¡·ÀïдÁËһƪ¡¶×¢Óï¡·£¬ËµÃ÷¡¶ÖйúÕÜѧʷ´ó¸Ù¡·ÊÇ¡¶ÏÈÇØÃûѧʷ¡·µÄÀ©³ä°æ¡£ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬¼´Ê¹¡¶ÖйúÕÜѧʷ´ó¸Ù¡·È·ÊµÊÇÓ¢Îİ桶ÏÈÇØÃûѧʷ¡·µÄÀ©³ä°æ£¬ÔÚ·½·¨ÂÛµÄ˵Ã÷ÉÏ£¬Á½ÕßµÄÒâζ¾øÈ»²»Í¬£ºÔÚËûµÄ²©Ê¿ÂÛÎÄÀºúÊÊ»òÕß»¹ÐÄ´æ¹Ë¼É£¬»òÕßÔÚ·½·¨ÂÛÉÏ»¹²»Ê
·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©
δÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
ÎÂÜ°Ìáʾ£º ο´Ð¡ËµµÄͬʱ·¢±íÆÀÂÛ£¬Ëµ³ö×Ô¼ºµÄ¿´·¨ºÍÆäËüС»ï°éÃÇ·ÖÏíÒ²²»´íŶ£¡·¢±íÊéÆÀ»¹¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ»ý·ÖºÍ¾­Ñé½±Àø£¬ÈÏÕæдԭ´´ÊéÆÀ ±»²ÉÄÉΪ¾«ÆÀ¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ´óÁ¿½ð±Ò¡¢»ý·ÖºÍ¾­Ñé½±ÀøŶ£¡