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制高点-第15章

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哈佛大学教授杰裴里。萨克斯(Jeffrey Sachs):所发生的一些事情就是一场资本主义革命,到20世纪末,市场经济和资本主义制度成为了世界绝大多数国家所采用的唯一模式。
NARRATOR: The world changed its mind。 In the Soviet Union and its satellites; in the emerging markets of Asia; and in the statedominated economies of Latin America; governments everywhere moved away from state control and towards free markets。
旁白:世界变了,在苏联及跟随苏联的一些卫星国,在亚洲的新兴市场国家,在拉丁美洲的一些政府主导经济的国家,各地的政府都开始从政府控制转向了自由市场。
DANIEL YERGIN; Author; manding Heights: This freemarket revolution has really led to the new global economy。 It excites some and terrifies others。
《制高点》(manding Heights)的作者丹尼尔。尤金(Daniel Yergin):这场自由市场革命确实导致了新的全球经济。对此,一些人感到兴奋,另一些人则感到恐惧。
NARRATOR: That revolution was wrenching。 Tonight on manding Heights: The Agony of Reform。
旁白:那场革命是痛苦的。今晚《制高点》(manding Heights)将讲述:改革的痛苦


Chapter 2: The Ghosts of Norilsk '4:27'
第二章: 诺里尔斯克幽灵
NARRATOR: Much of the world once modeled itself on the Soviet Union。 Here; Lenin's revolution industrialized a backward country within a single generation。 The Soviet system; ruthless and centrally planned; gave birth to vast industrial plexes like Norilsk。
旁白:世界大部分国家曾经一度蜂拥学习苏联的模式,在苏联,列宁的革命在一代人的时间里把一个落后的国家带上了工业化道路。极端中央计划的苏联体制,导致了像诺里尔斯克(Norilsk)这样的综合工业区的出现。
DANIEL YERGIN: Norilsk symbolized every stage of Soviet economic history; from the original prison camp and the beginnings of Soviet industrialization right up to the collapse of the economy in the 1990s。 So much of its history had been tied up with the fact that it was a prison camp。 Even in the early 1950s; 100;000 political prisoners were working in its mines and factories。
丹尼尔。尤金(Daniel Yergin):诺里尔斯克(Norilsk)反映了整个苏联经济发展史的每一个阶段,从最初的犯人集中营及苏联工业化起步一直到90年代苏联经济的解体。它的历史大多与其作为一个犯人集中营的事实紧密联系,即使是在50年代早期,还有10万名###在那里的矿山和工厂里工作着。
NARRATOR: Millions rode the slow train to the prison camps。 Vassily Romashkin's crime against the state was to check out the wrong book from the public library。
旁白:成百上千万人坐上缓缓行驶的火车来到集中营。而瓦什利。罗曼希金(Vassily Romashkin)对国家的犯罪罪名只是从公共图书馆里借错了书。
VASSILY ROMASHKIN; Former Political Prisoner: They sent me over to Norilsk after the trial。 The trial lasted about 10 minutes。 My wife and I said our goodbyes。
前###瓦什利。罗曼希金(Vassily Romashkin):他们在进行了10分钟的审判之后把我送到了诺里尔斯克(Norilsk),我和我的妻子就此告别了。
NARRATOR: The prisoners' slave labor became a crucial ponent of the Soviet economy。
旁白:犯人们的苦役劳动成为了苏联经济的一个重要组成部分。
VASSILY ROMASHKIN: When they took us to work; they'd say; ";Attention; you enemies of the people。 A step to the left or to the right; and we will shoot you without warning。"; A chill went up my spine; and I thought; ";You are the enemies of the people。";
瓦什利。罗曼希金(Vassily Romashkin):当他们要我们工作时,他们会说:“立正!你们这些人民的敌人,只要你们乱动一步,我们便开枪,不会再警告你们的。”一股寒气袭上我的脊背,我想,“你们才是人民的敌人。”
NARRATOR: The Soviet system of central planning meant that the Kremlin controlled every aspect of the economy。 The aim was to make the Soviet Union strong and selfsufficient。 The Soviet Union became an industrial giant; a military superpower; and a threat to the West。
旁白:苏联的中央计划体制意味着克里姆林宫(Kremlin)控制着经济的方方面面,其目的是使得苏联强大起来,并自给自足。苏联变成了一个工业巨人,一个军事上的超级大国,并成为了西方世界的一个威胁。
GEE SHULTZ; ; 19821989: Russia looked very formidable。 The essence of Soviet power was its ballistic missiles。 They could wipe out any country in the world in 30 minutes' time。 So that's a lot of power。
美国国务聊(19821989)乔治。舒尔茨(Gee Shultz), 19821989:苏联看起来非常强大,苏联实力的关键是它的弹道导弹。它们能够在30分钟内摧毁世界上的任何国家,那是很强的实力。
MARGARET THATCHER; British Prime Minister; 19791990: munism was gaining the world over; gaining by its main methods; military threat from military might。
英国首相(19791990)玛格丽特。撒切尔(Margaret Thatcher),19791990:共产主义通过其主要手段——由强大的军事力量所造成的军事威胁,正在赢得整个世界。
CHARLES POWELL; British Foreign Affairs Advisor; 19831991: We all thought the Soviet Union was still a vast powerful economy; a huge military power; a threat to world peace; determined to extend its influence around the world。
英国外交事务顾问(19831991)查尔斯。鲍威尔(Charles Powell),19831991:我们大家当时都认为苏联仍然是一个经济大国,一个军事大国,一个对世界和平的威胁,它决心要在全世界范围内扩大其影响力。
NARRATOR: Soviet influence was everywhere in Eastern Europe; in Africa; and Latin America。 Socialism; planning; state control; government ownership  these became the gospel。 In Asia; the apparent success of munist China seemed to show the way。
旁白:苏联的影响随处可见:在东欧,在非洲和拉丁美洲国家,社会主义、计划、国家控制、政府所有权——这些成了真理。在亚洲,共产主义中国的胜利似乎也印证了这一现象。
But the truth about the Soviet economy lay concealed behind the ";Iron Curtain。";
但是苏联经济的真正事实却隐蔽在“铁幕”背后。
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Chapter 3: Behind the iron Fa?ade '8:18'
第3章: 铁幕背后
Onscreen title: The Iron Curtain
字幕标题:铁幕
NARRATOR: Minefields; barbed wire; searchlights; and lookout towers sealed the Soviet bloc off from the outside world。
旁白:地雷区、铁丝网、探照灯,以及了望塔,这些把苏联封闭起来与外部世界隔绝了。
In the 1980s British intelligence recruited a Russian double agent to penetrate this wall of secrecy。 But Soviet intelligence; the KGB; became suspicious and put him under house arrest。
80年代,英国情报部门收买了一名苏联双重间谍,企图渗入这一秘密封锁墙。但是苏联的情报部门,克格勃(KGB),怀疑到了这名间谍,并将其软禁起来。
News reached London that its top spy was in mortal danger。
消息传到伦敦,其最好的间谍受到了生命威胁。
Charles Powell was foreign policy advisor to Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher。
查尔斯。鲍威尔(Charles Powell)是玛格丽特。撒切尔(Margaret Thatcher)首相的的外交政策顾问。
CHARLES POWELL: The news of the intention to spring him came to me in Downing Street。 I couldn't tell anyone else because no one else knew about it。
查尔斯。鲍威尔(Charles Powell):我在唐宁街(Downing Street)听到了要试图营救他的消息,我无法对任何人讲起,因为没有其他人知道这件事。
NARRATOR: It was so sensitive that Powell needed the prime minister's personal approval to activate an escape plan。
旁白:这件事太敏感,鲍威尔需要首相的亲自批准,来实施一个营救计划。
CHARLES POWELL: Oleg Gordievsky was perhaps the most valuable agent; because he understood the Soviet system from inside。
查尔斯。鲍威尔(Charles Powell):奥列格。戈德尔维斯基(Oleg Gordievsky)可能是最有价值的间谍,因为他了解苏联的内部体制。
NARRATOR: In Moscow; the net was closing in on Oleg Gordievsky。
旁白:在莫斯科(Moscow),营救奥列格。戈德尔维斯基(Oleg Gordievsky)的网收紧了。
OLEG GORDIEVSKY; KGB Defector: At that time I decided to use my secret longstanding plan of escape。 I sent a signal to the British intelligence。
克格勃叛员奥赖格。戈德尔维斯基(Oleg Gordievsky):那时我决定实施我秘密的,策划已久的逃亡计划,我向英国情报部门发出了讯号。
NARRATOR: Gordievsky evaded his KGB watchers and made his way to a forest near the Finnish border。
旁白:戈德尔维斯基(Gordievsky)躲开了克格勃的监视,来到了芬兰边境的一个森林。
OLEG GORDIEVSKY: In the morning; I started to move toward the site in the woods; and there I waited。 I waited for the arrival of car; driven by two British people who picked me up; put me in the boat; and drove to the border。 It was a very small car; a very small boat。
奥列格。戈德尔维斯基(Oleg Gordievsky):早晨,我开始向树林中的预定地点进发,并在那里等,等汽车的到来,两个英国人开着车接上了我,然后我们上了一艘小船,到了边境。那是一辆非常小型的汽车,船也很小。
On the border; we started to stop。 One stop。 Second stop。 Third stop。
到了边境后,我们试图靠岸,一次、二次、三次。
NARRATOR: They were approaching the moment of maximum danger。
旁白:最危险的时刻到了。
OLEG GORDIEVSKY: The KGB and Soviet customs checks of the cars。 I heard the voices。 I heard even the KGB dogs barking。 And to my great luck; it went without any accident。
奥列格。戈德尔维斯基(Oleg Gordievsky):克格勃和苏联海关在盘查着过往的车辆,我听到了声音,甚至能听到克格勃的军犬在叫。幸运的是,我们顺利地过了关,没有遇到麻烦。
NARRATOR: But one of the British agents; a woman; threw the guard dogs off the scent by feeding them potato chips。
旁白:但是一名英国女间谍的香水味引起了军犬的注意,她扔了一些土豆片才摆脱了它。
Three days later; Gordievsky was in London and the debriefings began。
三天后,戈德尔维斯基(Gordievsky)到了伦敦,情报汇报开始了。
OLEG GORDIEVSKY: When I was a British agent inside the KGB; the British intelligence service didn't have time to ask me about economy; because they were interested about strategic problems。 The armscontrol questions were so overwhelming; the West neglected the important foundation of the argument: the economy。
奥列格。戈德尔维
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