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旁白：罗斯福自信的声音令整个国家为之振奋。
He then embarked on a whirlwind program of reform。
然后他着手开始进行旋风式的改革计划。
DANIEL YERGIN： For Roosevelt and the New Deal； it was a war。 They were at war with the Great Depression； and they responded with frenetic activity； relief programs for the unemployed； for the hungry； programs to get people back to work。 They built dams and highways and national parks。 At the same time they instituted a program of regulating capitalism in a way that had never been done before； in order to protect people from what they saw as the recklessness of the unfettered market。
丹尼尔。尤金：对罗斯福和他的新政来说，这是一场战争。他们在和大萧条作战，以狂烈的行动作为回应－救济失业者和挨饿者，让人们重新回到工作岗位上。他们修建水坝、公路和国家公园。同时，他们制定了一项计划，该计划将以前所未有的方式对资本主义进行调控，以保护人们免受自由市场无序发展所带来的伤害。
NARRATOR： Privately； Roosevelt feared the market system had failed； so he created an entire alphabet of new agencies to regulate banks； the stock market； capitalism itself。 New headquarters built for the Interstate merce mission celebrated government regulation； which reined in market forces and curbed capitalism。 Under the New Deal； industry became subject to a host of new rules and regulations。
旁白：私下里，罗斯福对市场体体制的失败感到恐惧，因此他创立了一整套新机构来管理银行、股票市场和资本主义制度本身。为国内运输管理委员会修建的新总部建成，庆祝方式就是发布政府规章。新政实施后，企业要受到一系列新规则和规章制度的约束。
DANIEL YERGIN： And the airline industry was a very good example of that。 You had people go into this business； be very petitive； they'd go bankrupt。 New people would e in； they would go bankrupt。 It was very unstable； so the New Deal stepped in and said； "；We're going to stabilize this industry。 We're going to set the prices that you can charge for tickets。 We're going to tell you what routes you can fly。"； And with that system they eliminated these very vicious cycles of boom and bust in the aviation industry； and in a sense； that was what they were aiming to do throughout the American economy。
丹尼尔。尤金：航空业是一个很好的例子。企业进入这个行业，然后激烈竞争，然后破产；新的企业再进来，然后又破产；整个行业非常不稳定。因此新政插手这个行业，“我们要稳定这个行业，设定机票价格，规定各公司能够经营的航线。”通过这种方法，他们消除了航空业中繁荣－破产的恶性循环。在某种意义上，这也是他们对整个美国经济的目标。
Onscreen title： Cambridge University； 1936
字幕标题：剑桥大学，1936年
NARRATOR： In 1936 John Maynard Keynes finally published his General Theory； a brilliant analysis of how to fight the Depression。 By showing governments that it was possible to manage their economies； Keynes made himself the most influential economist of the age。
旁白：1936年，凯恩斯的《通论》终于出版了，这本书对如何与萧条作斗争进行了才华横溢的分析。凯恩斯告诉各国政府对经济进行管理是可能的，这使他成为那个时代最有影响的经济学家。
ROBERT SKIDELSKY： Keynes's solution to unemployment was for the government to spend the money to restore and maintain full employment。
ROBERT SKIDELSKY：凯恩斯解决失业问题的方案是扩大政府开支以恢复和保持充分就业。
NARRATOR： Governments； said Keynes； should spend against the wind。 In good times they should reduce their spending and build surpluses； in bad times； like the Great Depression； they should step up spending； run deficits； and put purchasing power into the hands of working people。
旁白：凯恩斯认为政府开支应该逆风而行。繁荣时期政府应该削减支出和进行储备；困难时期，比如大萧条时期，政府应该逐步增加支出，实行赤字财政，让劳动者有购买力。
ROBERT SKIDELSKY： He gave people hope that unemployment could be cured without concentration camps。
ROBERT SKIDELSKY：他给了人们希望－失业问题是可以克服的。
NARRATOR： Harvard University became an intellectual bridgehead for Keynes in America。 John Kenneth Galbraith was one of Keynes's leading apostles。
旁白：哈佛大学成为凯恩斯在美国的学术桥头堡。John Kenneth Galbraith是他最主要的追随者。
JOHN KENNETH GALBRAITH； Professor Emeritus； Harvard University： I've said many times I think had something； maybe quite a bit； to do with bringing Keynes across the Atlantic。 I came back to find a whole group of people here who had also read The General Theory； and this was a breath of hope and optimism。
JOHN KENNETH GALBRAITH，哈佛大学荣誉退休教授：我曾多次说过我认为把凯恩斯主义带到大西洋彼岸这件事与我有很大的关系。我回来后发现这儿有许许多多人已经看过《通论》，这是充满希望和乐观主义的。
NARRATOR： Keynes's ideas trickled down from Harvard to Washington； turning the federal government's conventional economic policies upside down。
旁白：凯恩斯的思想从哈佛传到华盛顿，完全改变了联邦政府传统的经济政策。
JOHN KENNETH GALBRAITH： You resisted conservative finance； borrowed money； and hired people across the country； rescuing them from unemployment。 That was the basic essential and that you didn't worry about accumulating debt； or； more precisely； you worried about it； but did it anyway。
JOHN KENNETH GALBRAITH：你反对保守的财政政策，借钱来雇佣全国各地的人工作，使他们不致失业。这是基本要点，而你不担心负债的问题，或者更确切地说，你担心负债问题，但无论如何你还是要这样做。
NARRATOR： Keynes's ideas began to gain ground。
讲述者：凯恩斯的思想开始普及。
Chapter 6： Worldwide War ＇7：00＇
第六章：世界大战
Onscreen title： World War II； 1941
字幕标题：第二次世界大战，1941年
NARRATOR： It took a world war for Keynesianism to bee government policy。 As the ； high unemployment ended； and the Depression disappeared。
旁白：经过世界大战，凯恩斯理论变成了政府政策。随着美国政府大举借债并将资金用于备战，高失业率的状况得到改观，大萧条也结束了。
NEWSREEL NARRATOR： 。。。 men and women to make the uniforms； machinists to make the guns and ammunition； auto workers to produce the jeeps and trucks； to build the ships and tanks； civilian soldiers to turn out the fighters； the bombers。
新闻片旁白：……男人和女人做制服；机械师造枪炮弹药；汽车工人生产吉普和卡车，建造舰船和坦克。
NARRATOR： In charge of wartime wage and price controls； John Kenneth Galbraith saw the economy rebound。
旁白：负责战时工资和价格控制的John Kenneth Galbraith看到了经济的反弹。
JOHN KENNETH GALBRAITH： One could not have had a better demonstration of the Keynesian ideas； and I think it's fair to say that as a young Keynesian in Washington； in touch with the other Keynesians there； we all saw that very clearly at the time。
JOHN KENNETH GALBRAITH：这是凯恩斯理论的最好实证。我想可以很公正地说，作为当时在华盛顿的年轻凯恩斯主义者－与那里的其他凯恩斯主义者也有联系，我们那时都清楚地看到了这一实证。
NARRATOR： In a radio broadcast； Keynes expressed his hope that what worked in war would work in peace。
旁白：凯恩斯在无线电广播中表达了他的希望：战时起作用的，在和平时期也起作用。
JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES： If expenditure on armaments really does cure unemployment； a grand experiment has begun。 Good may e out of evil。 We may learn a trick or two which will e in useful when the day of peace es。
凯恩斯：如果军备支出确实克服了失业问题，那么一个更重大的试验开始了。好事可能来自于邪恶。我们可以从中学到一或两个窍门，这在和平时期迟早用的上。
Onscreen title： London； 1944
字幕标题：伦敦，1944年
NARRATOR： Now teaching at the London School of Economics； Hayek feared that Keynes's brave new world was a big step in the wrong direction。 He attacked the growing consensus by writing The Road to Serfdom。 Sarcastically dedicated to "；socialists of all parties；"； it was a popular success。 There was even a cartoon version of it。
旁白：正在伦敦经济学院教学的哈耶克担心凯恩斯勇敢的新世界是朝着错误方向迈出的一大步。他写了《通往奴役之路》，向主流意见发起了攻击。它对“各政党中的社会主义者”进行讽刺，受到了欢迎。甚至还出现了关于它的漫画。
Its message was simple and direct： Too much government planning means too much government power； and too much government power over the economy destroys freedom and makes men slaves。 For Hayek； central planning was the first step to a totalitarian state。
它的意思很简单也很直接：太多政府计划意味着太多政府权力；政府对经济的权力太大损害自由，而且使人们成为奴隶。在哈耶克看来，中央计划是成为极权主义国家的第一步。
GEOFFREY HARCOURT： Well； Hayek thought that since freedom was an absolute； you must let a petitive system just work itself out。 And if at times that meant there was considerable unemployment； well； that's what you had to put up with
GEOFFREY HARCOURT：哈耶克认为既然自由是绝对的，那么你必须让竞争体系完全依靠自身解决问题。如果有时候这意味着相当多的失业，那也是你所必须忍受的。
ROBERT SKIDELSKY： Hayek always rejected macroeconomics。 He rejected any government intervention during the Great Depression itself； whereas Keynes was an activist。 He said in the long run we're all dead； and in the long run if we allow things to go on without remedy； we get lots of Hitlers； lots of wars； and lots of Stalins。 And who was right？
ROBERT SKIDELSKY：哈耶克一直抵制宏观经济学。大萧条时期他反对任何政府干预，而凯恩斯则是一个激进分子。他说长期来看我们都会死亡，长期来看如果我们允许事情自由发展，就会产生许多希特勒，许多战争和许多斯大林。那么谁是正确的？
NARRATOR： Most people would have agreed with Keynes when he wrote this to Hayek。
旁白：在凯恩斯写这些给哈耶克的时候多数人同意凯恩斯的观点。
JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES： What we want is not no planning； or even less