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如果两者表达的观点不一致,则需要对比两种观点后说出它们的差异。这时可以用however,on one hand。。。on the other hand。。。,in contrast等。
在描述他人的观点时,可以采用改写句子的方式,用自己的语言把原文中的观点说出来,也可以引述他人的话。
在写作中,可能会用以下这些句型:
阅读文章观点与讲课内容一致
1)The lecture supports the idea that。。。
2)The professor points out that。。。; which is in line with the standpoint in the passage。
3)Finally; the professor states that。。。 This example is consistent with the reading passage。
4)The reading passage presents that。。。 The lecture shows similar ideas。
阅读文章观点与讲课内容不同
1)The author states that。。。; which differs from the main idea in the reading passage。
2)The speaker directly contradicts what the passage indicates。
3)Both passages refer to。。。; but the issue is discussed differently。
4)Though the reading passage explained that。。。; it was said in the lecture just the opposite。
5)It was suggested in the passage that。。。 However; the lecturer provided the opposite opinion。
6)The speaker has totally different ideas on the topics in the reading passage。
7)The professor discusses the problem of。。。; which the reading passage does not include。
质疑阅读文章中的观点
1)The lecture casts doubt on the point that。。。
2)The reading passage claims that。。。 However; it is strongly questioned by the lecturer。
3)The lecturer challenged what is stated in the reading passage。
二、独立写作
与综合写作不同,独立写作要求考生针对某一话题写出自己的看法和观点。因此必须要清楚明确地说出你对话题的看法。
独立写作的话题基本与学习和生活相关,主要涉及教育、科技、媒体、政治、经济、环保、日常生活、工作、家庭等方面。
在进行独立写作时,可以参考以下步骤:
1。 确定文章主旨
独立写作部分要求考生针对某一特定话题描述自己的观点,所以主旨一定要明确,因此应该先确定文章的主题句,表明自己对话题的看法。需要注意的是主题句必须要回答题目的问题,否则很容易离题。
2。 列出提纲
和综合写作一样,在进行独立写作时,也可以先列出提纲。这样能帮我们理清思路,确定文章主旨,并确定每段的主题句和支持观点的论据,从而写出结构严谨的文章:
开头陈述要讨论的话题,提出文章的主旨句(thesis sentence),即自己对问题的看法。
主体提炼每一段的主题句(topic sentence),然后分别用详细的事例来说明。
结尾从之前的叙述中,总结出得到的结论(conclusion)。
3。 展开写作
一旦确定了文章的主旨,列好提纲之后,便可以开始根据提纲扩充自己的观点。
另外,不要忘记在论述完所有的论点后,在结尾处得出结论。可以复述文章主旨以起到强调的作用;也可以根据自己的论点作出合理的预测。
在写作中,可以参考以下句型:
文章开头
1)Recently; it has been brought into focus that。。。
2)It is time to explore the truth of。。。
3)Nowadays; there is a growing awareness that。。。
4)Nowadays; what is worth noticing is。。。
5)When it comes to。。。; some people think。。。; while the others believe。。。
表达个人观点
1)For me; I think it is。。。
2)As for me; I am in favor of the opinion that。。。
3)I am firmly convinced that。。。
4)Before expressing my opinion; I think it is necessary to look at the viewpoints of both sides。
5)My favor goes to。。。
描述现象
1)The problem of。。。has caused public concern。
2)A large number of people believe that。。。
3)It is widely acknowledged that。。。
4)However; the majority of people have an unfavorable attitude towards。。。
5)Many people tend to consider that。。。
6)People didn't take this factor into account when talking about。。。
7)Some people may neglect that in fact。。。
8)Most people would agree that。。。
9)Others suggest that。。。
10)There is an increasing number of people beginning to realize that。。。
陈述事实
1)It must be noted that。。。
2)The contribution of。。。cannot be ignored。
3)It is undeniable that。。。
4)Although it is。。。; it also has a negative impact on。。。
5)It is inevitable to have advantages; since everything has two sides。
6)It is not surprising that。。。
7)It is reasonable to expect。。。
8)It has the potential to make huge improvements in。。。
9)However; what we fail to see is that。。。
引用例证
1)For instance/example; 。。。
2)Take。。。as an example; 。。。
3)A particular example for this is。。。
4)It is often cited as a major factor that。。。
5)According to a survey。。。
作出解释
1)There are many reasons for。。。
2)The solution to this problem involves many difficulties。。。
3)The reason can be obviously seen。
4)Despite the fact that。。。; it is still unclear that。。。
5)That's why。。。is influencing。。。
表示强调
1)Essentially; we need to look at。。。
2)I do mean to say that。。。
3)It is important to try to distinguish between。。。and。。。
4)We should pay close attention to。。。
5)The problem of。。。cannot be ignored。
得出结论
1)This study has demonstrated that。。。
2)In conclusion; it is better to。。。
3)In summary; it is wiser to。。。
4)From what has been discussed above; we may safely draw the conclusion that。。。
展望未来
1)In view of the situation; 。。。is more important than ever before。
2)As for the seriousness of this problem; proper measures should be taken。
3)The government ought to make efforts to。。。
4)Great efforts should be made to。。。
5)Immediate action is supposed to be taken at once; otherwise。。。
三、必备写作技巧
要想在托福写作中获得高分,不只是背几篇范文、几个模板那么简单,还要掌握一些写作技巧,这些技巧可以帮助考生在托福写作中更上一层楼。
在真正动笔之前,最好仔细思考一下以下几点,以免文章出现跑题的问题:
仔细审题,弄清题目的含义与要求
确定主旨
用详细的事例说明论点
在写作的时候,要记住外国人的思维和我们有很大的差异,因此文章需要契合英语的思路。以下几点需要格外注意:
用简洁的句子写作
避免单调的陈述
在每段的段首阐明观点
1。 语言的选择
托福写作要求考生能够恰当运用语言。虽然在词汇使用上出现一些小错也不一定会严重影响得分,然而,语法错误却是需要格外留意的,因为这可能会让阅卷者无法理解你的意思。
虽然我们认为写文章时不要使用过多的长难句,以免给自己造成不必要的麻烦,但如果只使用一些简单的句子和词汇,事实上很难阐述复杂的问题。
另外,在选词的时候也要多加斟酌。为避免重复,可以在同一篇文章中用不同的词语表达同样的意思,比如talk,conversation,discussion等都可以表示“谈话”,可以根据情况选择不同的单词。
2。 文章的组织
文章结构是否有序也是评价文章好坏的重要标准。需要注意的是,不要为了凑字数而阐述一些与文章主题无关的内容,一定要让所有的句子都围绕主题,否则再精彩的表达也没有意义。
独立写作的评分标准包括Unity,Progression和Coherence,因此我们需要把自己的观点层层递进地表达出来,才能使文章具有连贯性。要注意每个段落只需陈述一个话题,也就是说,主题句的论点必须贯穿整个段落,这样才能让文章看起来条理分明。
如果希望文章能够体现内在逻辑,可以使用关联词。主要包括以下类别:
比较
similar to; resemble; in the same way; just as; differ from; more/less than; on the contrary; in contrast to
转折
but; yet; although; however; while; nevertheless; instead of; rather than; even though; on the other hand
因果
so; thus; consequently; therefore; as a result; since; because of; due to
补充说明
in addition to; furthermore; as well as; moreover
3。 合理进行例证
我们可以举例说明自己的观点,或是为自己的观点找到充分的理由。如果用别人所说的话来支持自己的观点,比如课堂演讲或阅读文章中的内容,一定要进行改写,或者说明是引用他人观点,否则会被认为是剽窃。
如果题目中的原文是这样:
For success in school and work; the ability to adapt or adjust to a changing condition or circumstance is more important than having excellent knowledge of a job or a field of study。
我们可以将其改写为:
Compared with having excellent knowledge; the ability to adapt or adjust to a different condition or circumstance is more important。
或者引用题目中的话:
According to the author; the ability to adapt or adjust to different conditions or circumstances is“more important than having excellent knowledge of a job or a field of study。”
Part 3 托福写作话题词汇
科学研究篇
abundance[?'b?nd?ns]n。 大量;丰富,充足
搭配 in abundance 充足,丰富
例句 1。 I think people who play dangerous sports must have courage and the spirit of adventure in abundance。 我认为那些进行危险运动的人们一定极富勇气和冒险精神。
2。 Every farmer hopes that crops grow in abundance in successive years。 所有的农民都希望作物能够连年丰收。
派生 abundant(a。 丰富的,充裕的)
accurate['?kj?r?t]a。 正确无误的;精确的
搭配 an accurate view 准确的视角
例句 1。 Most scientists consider the theory accurate。 多数科学家认为这个理论是正确的。
2。 A government paper was cited as strong evidence that this account was indeed accurate。 一份政府文书被作为强有力的证据,证明这个解释确实是正确无误的。
3。 In this painting; the presentation of light and shadow was realistic and accurate; which created a beautiful view of the forest。 在这幅画中,光影的运用十分真实精确,创造出美丽森林的景象。
同义 precise; exact(a。 精确的)
派生 accurately(ad。 精确地)
affluent['?flu?nt]a。 丰富的;富裕的
例句 1。 Many of the affluent Americans today are the descendants of the poor immigrants for that America is an immigration country。 由于美国是一个移民国家,许多富裕的美国人都是曾经的贫穷移民的后代。
2。 Although he grows up in an affluent family; he doesn't become a lounge lizard。 尽管他在富裕的家庭长大,但他没有变成一个纨绔子弟。
altitude['?ltitu:d]n。 海拔,高度;[常pl。]高处
例句 1。 It is a very beautiful place; therefore it attracts a huge amount of visitors although it is at high altitude。 这是一个非常美丽的地方,因此尽管它海拔很高,仍然吸引了大量游客前往。
2。 It is costly to move water to